Geometry
The Graphics Codex: Ray Marching
A good introduction of ray marching that progresses from naive ray marching to the sphere tracing algorithm. It then covers some common SDF primitives and operations, normal computation, and performance optimizations
Lecture 10: Meshes and Manifolds (CMU 15-462/662)
Great overview, and also spend significant time on the half-edge data structure
Polygonising a scalar field (Marching Cubes) (1994)
Reference implementation and explanation of the marching cubes algorithm
Dual Contouring Tutorial
A tutorial explaining the dual contouring algorithm
The Transvoxel Algorithm
Eric Lengyel's voxel meshing algorithm for seamlessly stitching together neighboring triangle meshes generated from voxel data at differing resolutions so that level of detail.
Interactive explanation of marching cubes and dual contouring
An interactive explanation comparing marching cubes and dual contouring iso-surface algorithms